2.26. The Endlessness of Birth and Death
Bản dịch Tiếng Việt đang được cập nhật. Vui lòng tham khảo bản Tiếng Anh hoặc Pāli.
王 T 0712a02復問那先卿言人生死不可得本不可得本意 T 0712a03云何。那先言有本者當不復生。有本者當復 T 0712a04過去用是為本。王言無本者當不復生。見有 T 0712a05本者當過去如是本為未絕耶。那先言然皆 T 0712a06當過去。王復問那先人生死寧有從旁增益 T 0712a07者不。那先問王言世間人及蚑行蠕動之類 T 0712a08寧有從旁增益者不。王言我不問那先世間 T 0712a09人及蚑行蠕動之類。我但欲問卿人生死本 T 0712a10耳。那先言樹木生以栽為本五穀生以穀為 T 0712a11本。天下萬物皆各以其類本生。人從六情恩 T 0712a12愛為本。那先言人有眼有色有識。有耳有聲 T 0712a13有識。有鼻有香有識。有舌有味有識。有身有 T 0712a14細滑有識。有念有法有識。從是生苦樂從苦 T 0712a15樂生恩愛從恩愛生貪欲從貪欲生合是諸苦 T 0712a16乃成為人耳。眼耳鼻口身神識念使有致并 T 0712a17合為沛。從沛生苦樂從苦樂生恩愛從恩愛 T 0712a18生貪欲從貪欲因生有致從有致因生從生因 T 0712a19老因病從病因死因憂從憂因哭從哭因內心 T 0712a20痛人生如是。那先言無眼不見色不覺不知 T 0712a21從不覺不知無有合。無有合無有苦樂無有 T 0712a22苦樂便不生恩愛。無恩愛不生貪欲無貪欲 T 0712a23無有致無有致不生不老。不生不老不病不 T 0712a24死不病不死不愁不哭。不愁不哭不內心痛 T 0712a25無是諸苦便度脫得泥洹道。無耳無所聞無 T 0712a26鼻無所嗅無口無所味無身無細滑無識無所 T 0712a27念。無所念無沛無沛無苦樂無苦樂無恩愛 T 0712a28無恩愛無貪欲無貪欲無胞胎。無所胞胎無所 T 0712a29生不生不老不老不病不病不死不死不愁不 T 0712b01愁不哭不哭不內心痛。捐棄諸苦便得泥洹 T 0712b02道。王言善哉。
The king asked Nāgasena, “Revered Sir, you said that the birth and death of a person are empty, the root cause of it is also empty. Here what is the root cause?” Nāgasena replied, “When there is no root-cause, one will not be born again. But when there is a root-cause, once more one will pass onto another existence on account of this root-cause.”
“If there is no root-cause, one will not be born again. When there is root-cause, once more one will pass onto another existence. Thus there is no end to this root cause,” said the king.
“Yes, all have to pass on.”
(1) Other factors in the rebirth of a person
The king asked Nāgasena again, “Are there other factors which would help to continue one’s birth and death?”
Nāgasena said, “Are there other factors which help continue the birth and death of all birds and animals in the world?”
“I did not ask you the question with regard to birds and animals in the world. I just ask you, Sir, the root cause of the birth and death of a person.”
Then Nāgasena replied, “With reference to trees, they can grow and the seedling is their root cause. With reference to the five kinds of grain, they can grow and the grain is their root cause. Everything on the earth grows or rises, owing to its root cause. With regard to person, the six passions and craving are the root causes.”
“With regard to a person, there are eyes and also forms, there is eye-consciousness; there are ears and sounds, there is also ear-consciousness; there is the nose and smell, there is also nose-consciousness; there is the tongue and flavors, there is also tongue-consciousness; there is the body and softness and smoothness, then there is also body-consciousness; there is the mind and mind objects (dharmas), then there is mind-consciousness also. {Then from all these things, happiness and suffering arise; from happiness and suffering, craving arises; from craving, lustful desire arises; from lustful desire, arise the aggregates of suffering which constitute a human being. The eyes, the ears, the nose, the tongue, the body, the mind, the consciousness and the mindfulness cause becoming to arise.} The coming together of all those things is called touch; from touch, painful or pleasant feelings arise; from painful and pleasant feelings, craving arises; from craving, lustful desire arises; from lustful desire, becoming arises; from becoming, birth arises; from birth, old age and sickness arise; from sickness, comes death; from death, arises grief; from grief, arises lamentation; from lamentation, arises pain in the heart. Thus is human life.”
(2) The conditions for arising and cessation
Then Nāgasena continued, “Where there are no eyes, no material forms to be seen, there is also no consciousness. Due to non-consciousness, there is no coming together, due to non-coming together, there are no painful, or pleasant feelings; due to no painful or pleasant feelings, there is no craving; due to no craving, there is no lustful desire; due to no lustful desire, there is no becoming; due to no becoming, there is no birth, no old age; due to no birth, there is no old age, due to no old age, there is no sickness and death; due to no sickness and death, there is no grief and lamentation; due to no grief and lamentation, there is no suffering in the inner heart; due to no such sufferings, one is emancipated and obtains the Path of nirvana. If there is no ear, there is also no hearing of sounds; if there is no nose, there is also no smelling of odors; if there is no tongue, there is also no tasting of flavor; …
... If there is no body, there is also no touch of softness and smoothness; if there is no mind, there is also no thinking of mind objects. Due to no thinking of mind objects, there is no contact or touch; due to no contact, there is no painful or pleasant feelings; due to no painful or pleasant feelings, there is no craving; due to no craving, there is no lustful desire; due to no lustful desire, there is no embryo; due to no embryo, there is no birth; due to no birth, there is no old age; due to no old age, there is no sickness; due to no sickness, there is no death; due to no death, there is no grief; due to no grief, there is no lamentation; due to no lamentation, there is no suffering in the inner heart. So abandoning all such sufferings, one obtains the Path of nirvana.”
“Excellent, Nagasena.”
The king asked Nāgasena, “Revered Sir, you said that the birth and death of a person are empty, the root cause of it is also empty. Here what is the root cause?” Nāgasena replied, “When there is no root-cause, one will not be born again. But when there is a root-cause, once more one will pass onto another existence on account of this root-cause.”
“If there is no root-cause, one will not be born again. When there is root-cause, once more one will pass onto another existence. Thus there is no end to this root cause,” said the king.
“Yes, all have to pass on.”
(1) Other factors in the rebirth of a person
The king asked Nāgasena again, “Are there other factors which would help to continue one’s birth and death?”
Nāgasena said, “Are there other factors which help continue the birth and death of all birds and animals in the world?”
“I did not ask you the question with regard to birds and animals in the world. I just ask you, Sir, the root cause of the birth and death of a person.”
Then Nāgasena replied, “With reference to trees, they can grow and the seedling is their root cause. With reference to the five kinds of grain, they can grow and the grain is their root cause. Everything on the earth grows or rises, owing to its root cause. With regard to person, the six passions and craving are the root causes.”
“With regard to a person, there are eyes and also forms, there is eye-consciousness; there are ears and sounds, there is also ear-consciousness; there is the nose and smell, there is also nose-consciousness; there is the tongue and flavors, there is also tongue-consciousness; there is the body and softness and smoothness, then there is also body-consciousness; there is the mind and mind objects (dharmas), then there is mind-consciousness also. {Then from all these things, happiness and suffering arise; from happiness and suffering, craving arises; from craving, lustful desire arises; from lustful desire, arise the aggregates of suffering which constitute a human being. The eyes, the ears, the nose, the tongue, the body, the mind, the consciousness and the mindfulness cause becoming to arise.} The coming together of all those things is called touch; from touch, painful or pleasant feelings arise; from painful and pleasant feelings, craving arises; from craving, lustful desire arises; from lustful desire, becoming arises; from becoming, birth arises; from birth, old age and sickness arise; from sickness, comes death; from death, arises grief; from grief, arises lamentation; from lamentation, arises pain in the heart. Thus is human life.”
(2) The conditions for arising and cessation
Then Nāgasena continued, “Where there are no eyes, no material forms to be seen, there is also no consciousness. Due to non-consciousness, there is no coming together, due to non-coming together, there are no painful, or pleasant feelings; due to no painful or pleasant feelings, there is no craving; due to no craving, there is no lustful desire; due to no lustful desire, there is no becoming; due to no becoming, there is no birth, no old age; due to no birth, there is no old age, due to no old age, there is no sickness and death; due to no sickness and death, there is no grief and lamentation; due to no grief and lamentation, there is no suffering in the inner heart; due to no such sufferings, one is emancipated and obtains the Path of nirvana. If there is no ear, there is also no hearing of sounds; if there is no nose, there is also no smelling of odors; if there is no tongue, there is also no tasting of flavor; …
... If there is no body, there is also no touch of softness and smoothness; if there is no mind, there is also no thinking of mind objects. Due to no thinking of mind objects, there is no contact or touch; due to no contact, there is no painful or pleasant feelings; due to no painful or pleasant feelings, there is no craving; due to no craving, there is no lustful desire; due to no lustful desire, there is no embryo; due to no embryo, there is no birth; due to no birth, there is no old age; due to no old age, there is no sickness; due to no sickness, there is no death; due to no death, there is no grief; due to no grief, there is no lamentation; due to no lamentation, there is no suffering in the inner heart. So abandoning all such sufferings, one obtains the Path of nirvana.”
“Excellent, Nagasena.”